Pshwooo Made It In On Time!!!
Ok, this just goes to prove that I was smiling yet as we were beginning the second set. We’re not going to spend too much time here though because as you see in back of me … it is dark. I usually go to bed when its dark. It’s 7:30 pm, which is pushing my envelope, but we’ve got a good 4 ½ hours, so we’re going to see what we can do. I think it will be an easier paper in that it asks to pull something from within that’s reflective. Traditionally that doesn’t take as long to research. But, we’re not going to mess around here we’re off to the races … we’ll be here
Paper Starts here …
Research on gender and aggression for 2006 and 2007 shows that:
• At 17 months of age 5% of the boys were physically aggressive compared to 1% of the girls (Baillargeon, Zoccolilla, Keenan, Cote, Perusse, Wu, et al, 2007, p. 13).
• Girls were at a higher risk of being anti-social adults due to early aggressive or disruptive behaviors; boys were at a higher risk of being anti-social adults due to that and a noted increase in aggression-disruption from kindergarten to the 5th grade; and, girls with moderate levels of aggressive or disruptive behaviors were more prone to depression, school dropout, and early pregnancy (Schaeffer, Petras, Ialongo, Masyn, Hubbard, Poduska, et al., 2006, p. 500).
• Both men and women victimized by psychological aggression had also been more physically abused, and showed greater psychological distress, anxiety, and poor health, than those not victimized, and in addition females showed greater signs of depression (Taft, O’Farrel, Torres, Panuzio, Monson, Murphy, et al, 2006, p. 581).
• Sexual victimization history more than gender was a key determining symptom of PSTD, which linked “PTSD risk [severity] to sexually violent situations” rather than feminine femininity (Cortina & Kubiak, 2006, p. 753).
• Men had more physically aggressive responses than women and each were affected by frustration, but in addition men were more affected by stress and negative emotion (Verona & Curtin, 2006, p. 115).
• Males showed a significant variance in aggressive behavior due to masculine identity and stress due to gender role (Cohn & Zeichner, 2006, p. 179).
• Job satisfaction affected positively homeless men’s success in not being hospitalized where detrimental aspects were “substance abuse, combat exposure, cognitive impairments, aggression, and physical health problems” and for females having family and friends was more positive and their detrimental aspects were “depression and suicidal thoughts” (Benda, 2006, p. 70).
• Both males and females being cued to thinking they had consumed alcohol activated expectancy-consistent behavior (Friedman, McCarthy, Bartholow, & Hicks, 2007, p. 102).
A summary or the research completed by Brehm, Kassin, & Fein (2005) shows that:
• Learning aggression takes place in childhood and where they model men who are self-centered and lack sensitivity toward others needs (p. 432), hence are punished and rewarded differently (more harshly) than women, which may cause them as adults to be arrested more, hit their spouses and other serious aggressions (p. 409 & 411).
• In addition, “Sexist attitudes and behaviors” (p. 427) might be learned from interaction with violent media, especially if predisposed to higher levels of hostility and these men are more apt to be affected by pornography where women are portrayed to be “willing participants who ‘enjoy’ their own victimization” (p. 429-430) and if they appear to be sexually aroused by it, the males may be further provoked toward aggression or violence.
• Men of nearly all cultures are more act more quickly (p. 404) toward violence and physical aggression than women (p. 402), are more likely to be murdered, are more apt to fight over a challenge to their sense of power or humiliation in their sexual relationship (p. 406), and are more willing to accept violence toward women (p. 430).
• Men have higher levels of testosterone due to stress, which is correlated to the anti-social behavior of physical aggression or violence and affected sometimes by a Southern orientation or a Machismo affect where honor and social class must be protected (p. 407 & 412).
• Women are more likely to aggress indirectly or through their relationships by telling lies, shutting out others of desired activities, targeting the other for a drop in social status, threats to end relationships, engage in backbiting or gossip, and in persuading others not to like their target (p. 403) and will respond when frustrated, insulted, or threatened (p. 404).
At our center we serve adults with developmental disabilities that are about 2/3 females to 1/3 males. The females are in more direct control than the males, but are subservient when push comes to shove. The males have control because they are the half of the relationship the females’ desire and since there are fewer of them, the women try and trade them like greeting cards. The males for the most part seem to like this attention, but will put their foot down when the females ask too much of them such as information or flattery of the females physical or mental assets.
The males seem to garnish a sense of privacy and space because the female tendency seems to be to crowd them or "corner" them. In this manner the girls are more aggressive. The females are insecure if the males are not interacting. The behavior of the girls seems to be that their fathers and brothers had dominance in the household. To the degree they can control that (i.e. ask for favors or be relieved of tasks), they show more willingness to boost the males more fragile ego. A female who misses her mark is likely to show anger, jealousy, anxiety, or sadness. There is no problem with substance abuse though a few reports of sexual abuse.
Job status seems to be a big issue for everyone. If the individuals show mental stability they are more apt to be brought into the larger community through job placement. If they cannot be trusted - especially the women through a younger orientation of feigning hopelessly over the attentive males, then they aren't ready to be trusted independently due to the safety issue of them wandering off. Some of the guys at the center are face forward with their sexual drives or interests, and a good majority of the females that are aware of themselves think that they would like to have babies and be someone's wife. They would be vulnerable to others in the community wanting to use them.
Gone unchecked being romanced is often an end goal for the females and they have no further thought toward many other desires. Our job as service providers is to assist them in working toward functioning independently as possible within the community regardless of their hope for a white knight. Sometimes we are the people they resist because we represent a reality not all of them want to face. For example most won't be married or have children; their families don't wish to even invite friends over. This is pretty sad. We try to make things better. It's about quality of life and it starts with being in safe relationships to men and women.
References
Baillargeon, R. H. Zoccolillo, M., Keenan, K., Cote, S. Perusse, D., Wu, H., Boivin, M., and Tremblay, R. E. (2007, January). Gender differences in physical aggression: A prospective population-based survey of children before and after 2 years of age. Developmental Psychology, 43(1), 13-26. Retrieved February 25, 2007, from psycARTICLES data base.
Benda, B. B. (2006, January). Survival analyses of social support and trauma among homeless male and female veterans who abuse substances. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 76(1), 70-79. Retrieved February 25, 2007, from PsycARTICLES data base.
Brehm, S. S., Kassin, S., & Fein, S. (2005). Social Psychology [6th ed]. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Cohn, A. & Zeichner, A. (2006, October). Effects of masculine identity and gender role stress on aggression in men. Psychology of men & Masculinity, 7(4), 179-190. Retrieved February 25, 2007, from PsycARTICLES data base.
Cortina, L. M., & Kubiak, S. P. (2006, November). Gender and posttraumatic stress: sexual violence as an explanation for women’s increased risk. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115(4), 753-579. Retrieved February 25, 2007, from PsycARTICLES data base.
Friedman, R. S., McCarthy, D. M., Barholow, B. D., & Hicks, J. A. (2007, February). Interactive effects of alcohol outcome expectancies and alcohol cues on nonconsumptive behavior. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 15(1), 102-114. Retrieved February 25, 2007, from PsycARTICLES data base.
Schaeffer, C. M., Petras, H., Ialongo, N., Masyn, K. E. Hubbard, S. Poduska, J., & Kellam S. (2006, June). A comparison of girls’ and boys’ aggressive-disruptive behavior trajectories across elementary school: Prediction t young adult antisocial outcomes. Journal of Consulting and Clincal psychology, 74(3), 500-510. Retrieved February 25, 2007, from PsycARTICLES data base.
Taft, C. T., O’Farrell, T. J., Torres, S. E., Panuzio, J., Monson, C. M. Murphy, M., & Murphy, C. M. (2006, December). Examining the correlates o psychological aggression among a community sample of couples. Journal of Family Psychology, 20(4), 581-588. Retrieved February 25, 2007, from PsycARTICLES data base.
Verona, E., & Curtin, J. J. (2006, February). Gender differences in negative affective priming of aggressive behavior. Emotion, 6(1), 115-124. Retrieved February 25, 2007, from PsycARTICLES data base.
Paper Ends here …
WOOHOOOO!!! Beat midnight deadline by 14 minutes!!!
posted by Ann Marie @ 2/26/2007 04:29:00 AM
Comments: 0
